Typical Water Flow Rates

Condenser Heat Rejection is 15,000 Btu/h:

Water cooled condenser ratings: ARI Standard 450

Water Temperature, Entering Condenser: 85 °F

Water Temperature, Leaving Condenser: 95 °F

One (1) gallon of water weighs approximately 8.333 lb. If we recirculate one (1) gallon of water per minute we get:

Mass Flow Rate = 1 gal/min * 8.333 lb water/gal water * 60 min/1 h = 500 lb/h

Cooling Tower Ton (Btu/h) = Flow Rate (gal/min) * 500 Btu/h * Delta T (°F)

If we substitute we get:

15,000 Btu/h = Flow Rate (gal/min) * 500 Btu/h * 10 °F

and the flow rate (gal/min) equals 3.

Now for the evaporator we substitute 12,000 Btu/h for the heat rejection and the flow rate is now 2.4 gal/min.

Refrigeration Ton: 15,000 Btu/h

Condenser Heat Rejection Ton: 12,000 Btu/h

Why is there a 3,000 Btu/h difference? This comes mostly from the heat of compression of the refrigerant in the compressor.

Here are a couple of good spreadsheets to calculate piping pressure drop.

http://mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/pressure_drop2

http://homepage.ntlworld.com/brian.doherty/pipesize.xls

Here is a direct link to Armstrong’s excellent trap selection guide and other details.

http://www.armstrong.be/pdf/N_101.pdf

Software from Armstrong is absolutely free(including postage) and is an excellent tool.

Thanks GMcD from Eng-Tips.com

“Introduction to Building Physics” by Carl-Eric Hagentoft

“Radiant Heating and Cooling Handbook” by Richard Watson and Kirby Chapman

“Modern Hydronic Heating for Residential and Commercial Buildings” by John Siegenthaler

“Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design” by Baruch Givoni

“Cradle to Cradle” by William McDonough and Michael Braungart

“Building Services Engineering” by David V. Chadderton

“Passive Low Energy Cooling of Buildings” by Baruch Givoni

Thanks rotaryguy from Eng-Tips.com

1.0        LIST OF STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS BY EQUIPMENT CATEGORIES

1.1    General

AGS    American Gas Society
ANSI    American National Standards Institute
BSI    British Standards Institute
CGSB    Canadian General Standards Board
CSA    Canadian Standards Association
ISO    International Organization for Standardization
NBS    National Bureau of Standards
ISA    Instrument Society of America

1.2    Safety

ANSI    American National Standard Institute
Dept. of Labour
EPA    Environment Protection Agency
FM    Factory Mutual
NBFU    National Board of Fire Underwriters
NFPA    National Fire Protection Association
OSHA    Occupational Safety and Health Administration
UL    Underwriters’ Laboratories

1.3    Vessels - Tanks

API    American Petroleum Institute
ASME    American Society of Mechanical Engineers
AWWA    American Water Works Association
NBBI    National Bureau of Boiler & Pressure Vessel Inspectors
ULC    Underwriters’ Laboratories of Canada

1.4    Heat Transfer Equipment

API    American Petroleum Institute
CTI    Cooling Tower Institute
TEMA    Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association

1.5    Rotating Equipment

ANSI    American National Standard Institute
API    American Petroleum Institute
AWWA    American Water Works Association
DEMA    Diesel Engine Manufacturers Association
Hydraulics Institute
MPTA    Mechanical Power Transmission Association

1.6    Process Equipment

AWWA    American Water Works Association
GPSA    Gas Processor Suppliers Association
API    American Petroleum Institute
ASME    American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM    American Society for Testing and Materials
ANSI    American National Standards Institute
NBBI    National Bureau of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors
CMAA    Crane Equipment Manufacturers Association of America

1.7    Material Handling

CEMA    Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association
CMAA    Crane Equipment Manufacturers Association of America
CSA    Canadian Standards Association
FEM    Fédération Européenne de la Manutention (Rules for the Design of Hoisting Appliances)
MHI    Material Handling Institute
RMA    Rubber Manufacturers Association

1.8    General Services

SAMA    Scientific Apparatus Makers Association

1.9    Plant Services

ACGIH    American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
AGA    American Gas Association
AWWA    American Water Works Association
CAGI    Compressed Air and Gas Institute
CGA    Canadian Gas Association
CGA INC.    Compressed Gas Association

1.10        Building Services

AMCA    Air Moving and Conditioning Association
ARI    Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute
ASHRAE    American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

1.11    Plumbing

ASPE    American Society of Plumbing Engineers
ASSE    American Society of Sanitary Engineers
-    Canadian Plumbing Code
PDI    Plumbing and Drainage Institute
-    Provincial Plumbing Code

1.12    Piping

API    American Petroleum Institute
ASME    American Society of Mechanical Engineers
MSS    Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry
PFI    Pipe Fabricators Institute
PPI    Plastic Pipe Institute

1.13    Miscellaneous Material, Welding, etc.

ASME    American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM    American Society for Testing and Materials
TIMA    Thermal Insulation Manufacturers Association

2.0        LIST OF MAJOR CODES AND STANDARDS RELATED TO PROCESS ENGINEERING

2.1        ANSI

A1    Liquefied Petroleum Gas System
A13.1    Scheme for Identification of Piping Systems
B.16.1    Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class 25, 125, 250, and 800
B.16.5    Pipe Flanges and Fittings
B16.9    Steel Buttwelding Fittings
B31    Corrosion Control for B31.1
B31.1    Power Piping
B31.2    Fuel Gas Piping
B31.3    Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping
B31.4    Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping Systems
B31.5    Refrigeration Piping
B31.8    Gas Transmission and Distribution Systems (1982)
B31.11    Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
B36.10    Welded and Seamless Wrought Pipe
B36.19    Stainless Steel Pipe
B73.1M    Horizontal, End Suction Centrifugal Pumps
B73.2M    Vertical In-line Centrifugal Pumps
B133.2    Basic Gas Turbine
B133.4    Gas Turbine Control and Protection Systems
LOS4C1    Flushing and Cleaning Gas Turbine Gen. Lube Systems
58    Standard for the Storage and Hauling of Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MC96.1    Temperature Measurement Thermocouples

2.2        API

Publ. 941    Steel for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperature and Pressures in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants
Publ. 2009    Safe Welding and Cutting Practices in Refineries
Publ. 2015    Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks
Publ. 2021    Fighting Fires In and Around Flammable and Combustible Liquid Atmosphere Storage Tanks
Publ. 2030    Guidelines for Applications of Water Spray Systems for Fire Protection in the Petroleum Industry
Publ. 2517    Evaporation Loss from External Floating-Roof Tanks
Publ. 2557    Vapour Collection and Control Options for Storage and Transfer Operations in the Petroleum Industry
RP 14C    Analysis, Design, Installation and Testing of Basic Surface Safety Systems on Offshore Platforms
RP 14F    Design and Installation of Offshore Platforms
RP 14G    Fire Prevention and Control on Open Type Offshore Production Platforms
RP  30    Calculation for Heater Tube Thickness in Petroleum Refineries
RP 500    Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at Petroleum Facilities
RP 520    Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure Delivery Devices in Refineries.  Parts 1 and 2
RP 521    Guide for Pressure Delivery and Depressuring Systems
RP 526    Flanged Steel Safety Relief Valves
RP 551    Process Measurement Instrumentation
RP 560    Fired Heater for General Refinery Services
RP 651    Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks
RP 652    Lining of Aboveground Storage Tank Bottoms
RP 682    Shaft Sealing System for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps
RP 1110    Pressure Testing of Liquid Petroleum Pipelines
RP 2001    Fire Protection in Refineries
RP 2003    Protection Against Ignitions Arising out of Static, Lighting and Stray Currents
Spec. 5L    Line Pipe
Spec. 6D    Pipeline Valves
Spec. 6FA    Fire Test for Valves
Spec. 12D    Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
Spec. 12F    Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
Spec. 12J    Oil and Gas Separators
Spec. 12K    Indirect Type Oil Field Heaters
Spec. 12L    Specification for Vertical and Horizontal Emulsion Treaters
Spec. 12P    Specification for Fibreglass Reinforced Plastic Tanks
Std. 510    Pressure Vessel Inspection Code
Std. 526    Flanged Steel Safety - Relief Valves
Std. 527    Seat Tightness of Pressure Relief Valves
Std. 594    Wafer and Wafer-Lug Check Valves
Std. 598    Valve Inspection and Testing
Std. 599    Metal Plug Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
Std. 600    Steel Gate Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
Std. 602    Compact Steel Gate Valves - Flanged Threaded, Welding, and Extended-Body Ends
Std. 603    Class 150, Cast, Corrosion-Resistant, Flanged-End Gate Valves
Std. 607    Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter-Turn Valves
Std. 608    Metal Ball Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
Std. 609    Lug - and Wafer - Type Butterfly Valves
Std. 610    Centrifugal Pumps For Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical and Gas Industry Services
Std. 611    General Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery Services
Std. 612    Special Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery Services
Std. 613    Special Purpose Gear Units for Refinery Services
Std. 614    Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing and Control Oil Systems for Special Purpose Application
Std. 615    Sound Control of Mechanical Equipment for Refinery Services
Std. 616    Gas Turbines for Refinery Services
Std. 617    Centrifugal Compressors for General Refinery Services
Std. 618    Reciprocating Compressors for General Refinery Services
Std. 619    Rotary-Type Positive Displacement Compressors for General Refinery Services
Std. 620    Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low Pressure Storage Tanks
Std. 630    Tube and Header Dimensions for Fired Heaters for Refinery Service
Std. 650    Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
Std. 660    Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service
Std. 661    Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service
Std. 670    Vibrations, Axial Position, and Bearing-Temperature Monitoring System
Std. 671    Special Purpose Coupling for Refinery Service
Std. 674    Positive Displacement Pumps - Reciprocating
Std. 675    Positive Displacement Pumps - Controlled Volume
Std. 676    Positive Displacement Pumps - Rotary
Std. 677    General Purpose Gear Units for Refineries Services
Std. 678    Accelerometer-Base Vibration Monitoring System
Std. 1104    Welding Pipelines and Related Facilities
Std. 2000    Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks - Non-Refrigerated and Refrigerated
Std. 2530    Measurement Standard Chapter 14, Natural Gas

2.3        ASME

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

Section  I    Power Boilers
Section  II    Materials Specifications
Part A     Ferrous Materials
Part B    Non-Ferrous Materials
Part C    Welding Rods, Electrodes and Filler Metal
Part D    Properties
Section  IV    Heating Boilers
Section  V    Non-Destructive Examination
Section  VIII        Pressure Vessels -     Division 1
Division 2
Section  IX    Welding and Brazing Qualifications
Section  X    Fibreglass-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels

Standards

Std.  120    Gas Turbine Generator Lube Oil Systems

Performance Test Codes

PTC  1    General Instructions
PTC  2    Definitions and Values
PTC  4.1    Steam Generating Units
PTC  8.2    Centrifugal Pumps
PTC  9    Displacement Compressors, Vacuum Pumps and Blowers
PTC  10    Compressors and Exhausters
PTC  22    Gas Turbine Power Plants

2.4        ASHRAE

ASHRAE Handbooks

2.5        AWWA

C110    Gray-Iron and Ductile Iron Fittings, 3 in. through 48 in. for Water and Other Liquids
C151    Ductile Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast in Metal Molds or Sand-Lined Molds for Water and Other Liquids
E101-88    Vertical Turbine Pumps - Live Shaft and Submersible Types
C502    Dry Barrel Hydrants Fire Hydrants

2.6        CEMA

Belt Conveyors for Bulk Materials Handbook

2.7        CGSB

41-GP-22    Standard for Process Equipment Reinforced Polyester, Chemical Resistance, Custom-Contact Molded

2.8        CSA

B-51    Boilers and Pressure Vessels
B-53    Identification of Piping Systems
B-52-M    Mechanical Refrigeration Code
B-63    Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe
B-137.3    Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe
B-137.4-M    Polyethylene Piping Systems for Gas Service
W-48.1    Mild Steel Covered Arc-Welding Electrodes
W-48.3    Low-Alloy Steel Arc-Welding Electrodes
Z-183    Oil Pipeline Transportation Systems
Z-184-M    Gas Pipeline Systems
Z-245.1    Pipeline Systems and Materials
Z-245.10    Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings and Flanges
Z-276-M    LNG - Production, Storage and Handling

2.9        CTI

STD-103    Standard Specifications for the Design of Cooling Tower Structures with Redwood Lumber
STD-111    Gear Speed Reducers
STD-114    Standard Specifications for the Design of Cooling Tower Structures with Douglas Fir Lumber
NCL-109    Nomenclature for Industrial Water - Cooling Towers
WMS-112    Pressure Preservative Treatment of Lumber for Industrial Water - Cooling Towers
ATC-105    Acceptable Test Code for Water-Cooling Towers

2.10        Hydraulics Institute

Standards for Centrifugal, Vertical, Rotary and Reciprocating Pumps
2.11        MSS

Standard Practices

SP-6    Standard Finishes for Contact Faces Pipe Flanges and Connecting End Flanges of Valves and Fittings
SP-25    Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges and Union
SP-44    Steel Pipeline Flanges
SP-53    Quality Standards for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components - Mag. Particle
SP-54    Quality Standards for Steel Castings and for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components - Radiographic
SP-55    Quality Standards for Steel Castings and for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components - Visual
SP-58    Pipe Hangers and Supports - Material, Design and Manufacture
SP-61    Pressure Testing of Steel Valves
SP-69    Pipe Hangers and Supports - Selection and Application
SP-75    High Test Wrought Butt Welding Fittings
SP-82    Valve Pressure Testing Methods
SP-89    Pipe Hangers and Supports - Fabrication and Installation Practices

2.12        NACE

MR-01-90    Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Material for Oil Field Equipment
RP-01-78    Design, Fabrication and Surface Finish of Metal Tanks and Vessels to be Lined for Chemical Immersion Service
RP-0188-88    Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of Protective Coatings

2.13        NEMA

SM23-1979    Steam Turbines for Mechanical Drive Service

2.14        NFPA

11    Low Expansion Foam Systems
11A    Medium and High Expansion Foam Systems
12    Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
12A    Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems
12B    Halon 1211 Fire Extinguishing Systems
13    Installation of Sprinkler Systems
14    Stand Pipe and Hose Systems
15    Water Spray Fixed Systems
16    Deluge Foam-Water Sprinkler and Spray Systems
17    Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems
20    Centrifugal Fire Pumps
22    Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection
24    Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances
25    Water Based Fire Protection Systems
37    Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines
51    Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding
54    National Fuel Gas Code
CUA 58    LP Gas Storage, Use
59    LP Gases at Utility Gas Plants
59A    Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas
82    Incinerators, Waste and Linen Handling Systems and Equipment
214    Water Cooling Towers
291    Fire Flow Testing and Marking of Hydrants
655    Prevention of Sulphur Fires and Explosions

2.15        PFI

ES  4    Hydrostatic Testing of Fabricated Piping
ES  5    Cleaning of Fabricated Piping
ES  7    Minimum Length and Spacing for Welded Nozzles
ES  18    Ultrasonic Examination of Tubular Products
ES  22    Recommended Practice for Color Coding of Piping Materials

2.16        RMA

Conveyor and Elevator Belt Handbook

2.17        SSPC

PA1    Shop, Field and Maintenance Painting
SP1    Solvent Cleaning
SP5    White Metal Blast Cleaning
SP6    Commercial Blast Cleaning
SP7    Brush-Off Blast Cleaning
SP8    Pickling
SP10    Near-White Blast Cleaning

Guide to Vis1    Guide to Pictorial Surface Preparation Standards for Painting Steel

2.18        TEMA

TEMA Standard

2.19        ULC

S603M    Standard for Shop Fabricated Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids
S630M    Standard for Shop Fabricated Steel Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids

2.20        ISA

85.1    Instrument Symbols and Identification

2.21        ISO

5167    Sizing of Metering Orifice

2.22        Offshore Pipeline

DNV    Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems

2.23        Units of Measurement

ISO 1000    SI Units